Walls

The Walls (壁) are three large structures located on the island of Paradis. They were built by the 145th King of Eldia, Karl Fritz, more than a century ago using countless Colossus Titans, and surround the territory where he fled with many of his people, the Eldians. The Eldians inside are taught that they are the last remnants of humanity who built the Walls to protect themselves from the Titans.

Description
The Walls reach about 50 meters in height from bottom to top and are incredibly strong in substance. However, the Female Titan was able to damage one of them when she attempted to climb over, and the Beast Titan was able to remove pieces of Wall Rose and throw them.

The Walls are too long to be guarded in their entirety. The tops of the Walls are lined with cannons mounted on rails which can fire on approaching Titans; however, they are not particularly effective due to the Titan's regeneration abilities. To account for this, each Wall has four towns on their periphery known as "districts." As Titans are drawn towards large concentrations of people, humanity can focus its defenses on these districts and repel the Titans more effectively. The districts are considered the worst places to live as they are at greater risk of a Titan invasion.

Few people know about the Titans within the Walls, or that they were created from Titans. The Survey Corps learned of their existence when the Female Titan damaged the surface of Wall Sheena, exposing the face of a huge Titan. Minister Nick, the foremost member of a cult which considers the Walls to be holy, knew of the Titans within them, but did not reveal any more information, even when interrogated by Hange Zoë. It is unknown how commonplace this knowledge is within the Church of the Walls.

History
One hundred and seven years ago, it was said that humans were brought to the brink of extinction at the hands of the Titans "almost overnight." In response to this, the survivors made huge Walls to protect their last stronghold. In reality, however, King Karl Fritz decided to end the Great Titan War and the infighting within the Eldian Empire by withdrawing to the island of Paradis, taking as many of his people with him as he could. He then enclosed them within three concentric Walls, which would be named after Ymir Fritz's three daughters; Sheena, Rose, and Maria.

In an attempt to isolate his people and create a peaceful utopia for them as long as possible, Karl Fritz told the world that any attempt to attack the Walls would result him unleashing millions of Colossus Titans to flatten the earth. Then, to ensure the Founding Titan would never be used for war, he made a vow to renounce it, and his will was passed down to all his descendants.

Fritz realized that this would leave his people defenseless, but decided that if Marley wished to exterminate all Eldians, they would be justified because of how grave the Eldians' crimes had been. But until that day, he wished to enjoy a paradise without conflict.

Story
In 845, Shiganshina District is the first district to fall when Wall Maria is breached, leading to a massive slaughter and prompting humanity to abandon the entire perimeter and the remaining cities along the Wall as they attempt to consolidate their losses. After the fall of Wall Maria, the survivors take refuge in Wall Rose. A massive campaign to retake Wall Maria is launched as nearly 250,000 conscripted soldiers were sent out to wipe out the Titans. This campaign ends in disaster and sees the near-total annihilation of the army tasked with this mission.

Five years after that, Trost District is breached, though it ultimately survives due to the intervention of Eren Yeager, while also ensuring the local population's survival. Some time later, Wall Sheena and Stohess District are heavily damaged when Eren battles the Female Titan. On the same day, the population of the small village of Ragako is overtaken by Titans. After the military overthrows the Royal Government, a Titan twice the size of the Colossus Titan appears and causes major damages to Orvud District.

After the successful coup d'état, the Survey Corps returns to Shiganshina District and successfully seals the hole in Wall Maria. They fight a prolonged battle with the Colossus, Armored, and the Beast Titans to ensure the Wall's protection, but at the cost of nearly the entire expedition and massive damage to the ruined city. The battle results in a massive loss by the Warriors, as well as the death of Bertolt Hoover at the hands of Armin Arlert, transferring possession of the Colossus Titan. With the battle over, the nine surviving members of the Survey Corps returns to Trost District.

After the military's victory over the Warriors at Shiganshina, the next nine months are spent wiping out the surviving Titans within Wall Maria. This is done with minimal risk to soldiers through the use of the Titan guillotine, which is designed through the use of Eren's hardening ability. Their installation at Trost and other Walled cities finally pave the way for human settlers to repopulate their abandoned cities inside Wall Maria. The Survey Corps then ventures beyond the Wall to find the outside lands largely unpopulated by Titans, who had been drawn inside Wall Maria to get closer to humanity. The Corps finally reaches the ocean shore signalling that, for the time being, they have regained full control of Paradis.

The Science of Attack on Titan
In Rikao Yanagita's analysis of the Attack on Titan manga, an estimation of the amount of Wall Titans residing within the Walls is given. Using the dimensions given in Attack on Titan: Before the Fall, Rikao estimates that, if the Wall Titans are all approximately 45 meters in height with a proportional 13-meter shoulder width with all Titans lined up shoulder to shoulder, there are approximately 246,000 Colossus Titans within Wall Maria and a total of 585,000 Titans within all three Walls combined. This conflicts with information given much later in the manga in Chapter 86, in which King Fritz's ultimatum given to Marley states that he would unleash the "tens of millions of Titans that sleep inside the Walls" if war was declared against Eldia. It is unknown whether the King's claim was accurate to the Wall Titans' numbers or was hyperbole.

Trivia

 * Titans primarily target the southern region, even before the loss of Wall Maria. As such, they are considered the most dangerous and least desirable places to live in.
 * The northern districts are considered the most desirable regions, due to minimal Titan activity. However, the weather is brutally cold and makes life for residents very difficult. Hajime Isayama suggested they may have hot springs to make up for the harsh weather.
 * Isayama has described the northern region as relatively cold, rarely exceeding even on the hottest summer days.
 * "Rose" was East Germany's secret codename for the plan to build the Berlin Wall.
 * In the early draft of chapter 1 presented by Isayama to the editors of the, Wall Maria and Wall Rose were switched, so Wall Rose was the outermost Wall breached by the Colossus Titan, and Wall Maria was the second outermost Wall to where the survivors retreated.

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