Attack on Titan (Manga)

Attack on Titan (進撃の巨人) is a manga series written and illustrated by Hajime Isayama. It was first published in September 2009 and is serialized in 's . Currently it is on its 20th volume. An official English version by began serialization in the United States in June 2012. Since October 2013 it is also available online on the Crunchyroll's manga platform, where it is published the same day of the Japanese release ("simulpub"). Since April 2016, Amazon simulpubs the series as well on its comiXology and Kindle Store platforms.

Title
The original Japanese title, "Shingeki no Kyojin", has been thought to have a dual meaning. It was thought that the literal meaning was "Advancing Titan(s)" (or more literally, "Advancing Giant(s)"), or alternatively as "Advance Toward the Titan(s)", which is what the localized title resembles: "Attack on Titan". However, ultimately in Chapter 88, it is explained that the truest meaning is "The Attack Titan", referring to a single Titan.

Plot
Around a century before the beginning of the series, a mysterious race of giant, man-eater humanoids known as Titans suddenly appeared and nearly exterminated humanity. In order to protect themselves from this threat, the few survivors built three concentric Walls, called Maria, Rose and Sheena, and encaged themselves in this limited territory, forgetting everything about the outside world and the history before the building of the Walls.

In the present, a boy named Eren Yeager, his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman, and their friend Armin Arlert, dream about seeing the world outside the Walls some day; but their peace is abruptly interrupted when an unusual 60-meter tall Colossus Titan and an Armored Titan breach the outermost Wall, and Eren sees his mother dying in the resulting devastation. Eren vows revenge against the Titans and later enlists in the military branch Survey Corps, accompanied by both Mikasa and Armin.

As the story progresses, more mysteries surrounding the true origin and nature of the Titans as well as the lost history of the world are addressed, and the reader gradually discovers that the Titans are probably not the real enemies. Eren and the Survey Corps find themselves as the only remaining hope for humanity, as they fight to discover the answers to these secrets and stop the forces that want to bring about the destruction of mankind.

Development
Hajime Isayama came up with the idea for the Titans some day when, while working at an Internet cafe, a drunk customer grabbed him by the collar. He said he was inspired by the lack of the ability to communicate even though the person was of the same species, and thought that the most familiar and scary animal in the world is actually the human. This is the feeling he conveys through the Titans: threatening beings which, despite their human-like appearances, lack any means of reasoning or communication. He also cited the visual novel ' and the manga ' as primary influences for his work.

The scenery for the story was inspired by his own hometown, which is surrounded by mountains. One day, he wanted to go beyond the mountains, which reflects Eren's wish to go beyond the Walls in the series. , producer of the anime, said that the concept of being isolated and overcoming a "Wall of Fear" was also inspired by the isolated and enclosed nature of the Japanese culture.

Isayama first drew a 65-page draft of the story in 2006 and offered it to the  department at, but he was advised to modify his style and story to be more suitable for the magazine. He declined and instead took it to the ' department at, where it was accepted and began serialization in the first issue of its monthly spin-off ' in September 2009. He was 23 years old and that was the first series he had ever published.

His monthly schedule consists of one week for storyboard and three weeks for drawing. When designing the Titans, he gets aid from a reference book for various human expressions; as well as inspiration from real-life models such as for Eren's Titan form,  for the Armored Titan, or the anime's voice actors. He said that he chose giants as the theme for its work because "they are kind of gross". His early drawings were rough, and he himself admitted that they were "amateurish" and felt that they were "short of the standard required for commercial works"; but it has been noted that they have greatly improved over the years. His narrative puts much focus on the individual inner feelings of the characters.

Isayama has revealed that the story is planned far in advance, and that he can even mark down in which specific volume a certain situation is going to happen; although it is not properly fleshed out until he is working on it. He had also planned a tragic ending for the series in which everybody would die, similar to that of the film adaptation of 's ; but after the manga and anime gained so many fans, he began to worry about the impact that such a conclusion could have on them, and now he is unsure of whether he should go ahead with it. However, he admitted that he still likes the idea.

In September 2013, he stated that he wanted to end the series in Volume 20; but in June 2015 he claimed that the manga was "60% finished" at that point, and in September of the same year his editor Kawakubo Shintaro estimated that there were "about three years worth of manga chapters left"; which, if true, would mean that the manga would be ending around late 2018 or after 26+ volumes.

Reception
Since its serialization, it has become a best seller in both Japan and the United States. Its popularity has also inspired an anime adaptation and a number of spin-offs; including 5 manga series (one of which received its own anime adaptation series as well), 6 novels, 6 visual novels, 2 live-action movies, a live-action web miniseries and a one-shot crossover with. A second season of the main anime was announced to be released in Spring 2017.

As of September 2016, the manga has 62.5 million copies in print, with 60 million copies in Japan and 2.5 million copies overseas since it was first released; reaching the top 30 of the best-selling manga series in history as the 26th best-selling overall and the 13th still ongoing at that point (despite being one of only two series in the top 100 with less than a decade in publication —next to Kuroko's Basketball— and the youngest of the top, being just in its 7th year). Volume 12 received a first printing of 2.5 million copies, making the series one of the only two manga series ever to get an initial print surpassing 2 million, next to One Piece. Volume 13 sold 2,750,000 copies in its first printing and holds the first print run record for its publisher,.

Since 2013, after the boost in its popularity following the release of the first season of the anime, it has consistently ranked among the 3 best-selling manga series in Japan per year. In the first half of 2014 it reached the top of the chart, ending One Piece ' s five-year reign as the highest selling series in that period. Isayama was surprised about this and thanked the readers. It finished the year in second place with almost 12 million copies sold. In the first half of 2016, it ranked 3rd, making it the highest selling monthly manga overall and the highest seling manga by Kodansha, surpassing by more than 1.6 million copies the second most popular title by the publisher, The Seven Deadly Sins.

Its numbers since 2011 are as follows:


 * 2011 - 11th (3,766,194 copies sold).
 * 2012 - 15th (2,682,504 copies sold).
 * 2013 - 2nd (15,933,801 copies sold).
 * 2014 - 2nd (11,728,368 copies sold).
 * 2015 - 3rd (8,778,048 copies sold).
 * 2016 - 4th (6,544,081 copies sold).

Attack on Titan won the in the shōnen category in 2011, and was nominated for the 4th  Award and both the 16th and 18th annual. The 2012 edition of Kono Manga ga Sugoi! named it the 8th best manga series for male readers, while the 2014 edition named it the 6th best. It ranked #1 in the Yomiuri Shimbun ' s Sugoi Japan Awards for favorite manga series in 2015.

The official English version of the series by has also been met with success in the United States. As of the week for January 17, 2016, Volume 1 had been on for 120 weeks, 81 of them straight; and on the week for October 13, 2013, six of the seven volumes published in the United States at the time reached the top 10 simultaneously. The same month, Volume 1 also topped the chart of 's list of top 20 graphic novels in American bookstores, and the previous month the series had 5 volumes in the top, more than any other series. The named it one of its "Great Graphic Novels for Teens" in 2013. The English version also won the 2014 for Best American Edition of Foreign Material, and it was the only manga to be nominated for the 2015  Choice Award for Best Graphic Novel/Comic.

Kodansha has credited the series for the company's first revenue increase in 18 years, while  called it a "once-in-a-decade hit".